a brief history
Sindh has a history of town life, going back to some 5,000 years, as attested by the numerous archaeological finds of modern times.The most important archaeological sites are: Amri, Kotdijji, and Mohen-jo-Daro. The ruins of Mohen-jo-Daro, which was a flourishing city by about 2500 B.C., reveal a remarkably developed stage of civilization. The city has parallel street, a planned drainage system, and grain storage facilities. Sindh`s later history begins towards the end of the 6th century B.C, when the Persian King Darius I (the great) sent the Greek explorer Scylax to survey the Indus Valley. In 325 B.C., Alexander the Great of Macedona conquered Sindh from the north, but after his death in 323 B.C.,Greek influence began to wane. The region flourished once again in the days of the Buddhist emperor Asoks (Ashoka), who reigned about 274-237 B.C. In the 2nd century B.C., following the disintegration of Asoka`s empire. Sindh become under the influence of Indo-Greek and Indo-Parthian dynasties. Later it was absorbed into the Kushan empire, which reached its height in the 1st and 2nd century A.D., During the reign of Kanishika I, a great patron of Buddhism.At the close of the 4th century,Sindh was part of the empire of the Guptas, who effected a revival of Brahmanism in India. Muslim rule in Sindh began with the Arab conquest of the region in 712 A.D. by Muhammad Ibn Kasim. He had been sent by Hajaj-Ibn yusuf,governor of Iraq for the Umayya Caliph,to punish the Brahman ruler of Debal for interfering with shipping in the Arabian sea.Sindh remained under Arab rule for nearly 300 years.The local rulers Soomaras took over in 1010 A.D. Soomaras were followed by another local dynasty,the Sammas in 1351 A.D.
In 1025-1026 H, Mahmud Ghaznvi marched through Sindh to Somnath,which is now in the Indian state of Gujrat Arghuns & Tarkhans ruled over Sindh from 1521 AD to 1555 AD. Sindh was then, annexed to the Delhi Sultanate in 1555 A.D.The Mughual(Mogul) emperor Akbar,who was born in Sindh,annexed with Mughal empire in 1591 A.D. Sindh maintained virtual independence under local Muslim rulers,the Kalhoras in 1713 A.D.
From 1700 A.D. to 1783 A.D. Kalhoras ruled over Sindh. From 1783A.D. Sindh was governed by Amirs of the Talpur tribe, originally from Baluchistan. Sir Charles Napier conquered them for Birtain in 1843, transmitting the news in a message reading "peccavi," Latin for "I have sinned." The conquest was later much criticised. However Sindh became united culturally and linguistically, as well as politically, under the British. It was adminstered as part of Bombay presidency until 1936, when it was made a separate province.
introduction
Since august 1947, Sindh is a province of Pakistan and has a historic region of the Pak-Hind subcontinent. It is essentialy the Delta Country and has derived its name from its life stream, the river Indus, known to the people by the name of "Sindhu" from time immemorial. Sindh is bounded on the west by the province of Baluchistan, on the north by the province of Punjab, on the east and southeast by India, and on the south and southwest by the Arabian sea. Its chief cities are: Karachi, the capital, and the largest city of Pakistan, Hyderabad, Sukkar, Mirpur khas, Larkana & Nawab shah. Sindh province has an area of 58,471 square miles (151,440 sq. km) and its population in 1992 was estimated to be 39.991 THE LAND AND ECONOMY
In general Sindh corresponds to the lower Indus river valley, stretching from north to south in the form of letter 'S' , physiographically, Sindh can be divided into the western highlands of the Khirthar Range and Kohistan area, rising to more than 6000 feet (1,830 m.); the central valley,with the eastern and wetern valley regions; and the delta region; and the Thar desert in the east.The climate is of the subtropical desert type, with scanty rainfall average 5 inches (125 mm)yearly.
As in the rest of Pakistan, the economy is predominantly agricultural and depends almost entirely on irrigation. The principal source of water is the Indus River, on which there are three irrigation dams (Barrages) in Sindh: the Guddu, on the Punjab border; the Lloyed (Sukkur), and the Kotri, farthest south . The Sukkur Barrage controls a canal system whose total length including subsidiary water couses, extends 50,000 miles (80,000 km), or twice the length of the earth`s cicumference. Sindh`s principal crops are wheat, rice, cotton, oilseeds, sugarcane, vegetables and fruits. Sheep, cattle, camels, and poultry are raised, and there is fishing industry. Manufacturing industries are concentrated in Karachi, Hyderabad, Nooriabad and Kotri. They produce textiles, cement, cardboard, chemicals, electric power and supplies, rail-road equipment, machinery and other metal products Karachi,Pakistan`s chief port,has an oil refinery and also is the center of printing and publishing. The artistic and cultural heritage of Sindh is reflected in its superb, examples of lacquerware, mirror embroidery, textile and exquistely painted tilework.
